Monday, July 7, 2025

The Sundarbans: The Largest Mangrove Forest in the World



đŸŒŋ The Sundarbans: The Largest Mangrove Forest in the World

Introduction

The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world, stretching across the southern parts of Bangladesh and eastern India. It is not only famous for its unique natural beauty but also home to diverse wildlife, including the majestic Royal Bengal Tiger. The Sundarbans is a vital part of Bangladesh’s identity and ecological balance.


Location and Area

The total area of the Sundarbans is approximately 10,000 square kilometers, of which about 6,017 square kilometers lie within Bangladesh. It covers parts of Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat districts and extends all the way to the Bay of Bengal. The forest lies in the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers.


Origin of the Name

The name "Sundarbans" is believed to have come from the Sundari tree, which is commonly found in the forest. Some people also believe that the name means "beautiful forest" (Sundar = beautiful, Ban = forest) — both definitions fitting its magnificent natural charm.


Environment and Ecosystem

The Sundarbans is a tidal forest, meaning it is affected by the ebb and flow of the tide. It consists of rivers, canals, mudflats, and small islands. The ecosystem here is unique because of the mixture of saltwater and freshwater. The soil is saline, and the vegetation has adapted to survive in these conditions. This dynamic environment supports a wide variety of flora and fauna.


Wildlife

The Royal Bengal Tiger is the most iconic and majestic inhabitant of the Sundarbans. It is known for its strength, swimming ability, and mysterious nature. Alongside tigers, the Sundarbans is home to:

  • Spotted deer (Chital)

  • Monkeys

  • Crocodiles

  • Pythons

  • Fishing cats

  • Turtles

  • Mud crabs

  • Various types of birds, such as kingfishers, herons, eagles, and migratory birds.

The forest harbors over 450 animal species, 330 bird species, and numerous fish and insect species. Its biodiversity is globally significant.


Plant Life

The vegetation in the Sundarbans is uniquely adapted to the saline conditions. Major plant species include:

  • Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes)

  • Gewā

  • Goran

  • Keora

  • Hingul

  • Golpata (used for roofing)

These trees have pneumatophores, or breathing roots, which help them survive in waterlogged soil and also help reduce erosion.


Economic Importance

The Sundarbans contributes significantly to the local and national economy:

  1. Honey Collection – Locals collect honey seasonally from the forest, which is famous for its purity.

  2. Fisheries – The rivers and canals are rich in fish and crabs, sustaining thousands of fishermen.

  3. Forest Products – Timber, golpata, and medicinal plants are collected under strict government regulation.

  4. Tourism – It attracts both domestic and international tourists, generating income for locals.


Protection Against Natural Disasters

One of the greatest roles of the Sundarbans is protecting coastal areas from natural disasters like cyclones and tidal surges. It acts as a natural barrier, reducing the impact of:

  • Cyclone Sidr (2007)

  • Cyclone Aila (2009)

Without the Sundarbans, the damage from these events could have been far more catastrophic.


UNESCO World Heritage Status

In 1997, UNESCO declared the Sundarbans a World Heritage Site, recognizing its ecological importance and exceptional biodiversity. This global acknowledgment has helped increase awareness about conserving the forest.


Threats and Challenges

Despite its importance, the Sundarbans faces several threats:

  1. Illegal logging and deforestation

  2. Pollution from nearby industries and ships

  3. Climate change – Rising sea levels are salinizing the soil and reducing tree growth.

  4. Wildlife poaching and trafficking

  5. Shrimp farming – Converting forest land into shrimp farms is destroying the ecosystem.

Additionally, industrial development projects, including coal-based power plants, have raised serious concerns among environmentalists about the long-term health of the forest.


Conservation Efforts

To protect this precious forest, the Bangladesh government and various organizations have initiated several steps:

  • Deploying forest guards and patrol boats

  • Declaring parts of the forest as sanctuaries

  • Restricting access to sensitive areas

  • Celebrating Sundarbans Day (February 14) to raise awareness

  • International support from organizations like WWF, IUCN, and UNDP

Public awareness and community participation are also playing a crucial role in preservation.


Tourism in the Sundarbans

The Sundarbans is a popular tourist destination for nature lovers, birdwatchers, and adventure seekers. Notable tourist spots include:

  • Katka – Wildlife watching area

  • Kochikhali – Known for deer and tiger sightings

  • Hiron Point – UNESCO site and home to rare species

  • Dubla Island – Hosts the famous Rash Mela and attracts fishermen and pilgrims

Tourists usually travel by boat, exploring the forest via river routes, enjoying the peace, and witnessing the fascinating flora and fauna.


Local Communities

Many people living near the Sundarbans depend on it for their livelihoods. However, these communities are also among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters. NGOs have been working to develop alternative livelihoods (such as eco-tourism, handicrafts, and sustainable fishing) to reduce pressure on forest resources.


Climate Change and the Future of Sundarbans

The biggest long-term threat to the Sundarbans is climate change. Rising sea levels, increased salinity, and frequent cyclones are already affecting the forest’s ecosystem.

If urgent steps are not taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions and implement sustainable development, the Sundarbans may suffer irreversible damage. Scientists fear that large parts of the forest could be submerged by the end of this century if current trends continue.


Conclusion

The Sundarbans is not just a forest—it is a vital ecosystem, a shield against disasters, a source of livelihood, and a national treasure. It symbolizes the natural richness of Bangladesh and plays a key role in maintaining ecological balance.

We must all work together—governments, organizations, and individuals—to protect, preserve, and restore the Sundarbans. Only then can this extraordinary forest continue to inspire, shelter, and sustain life for generations to come.







Translation Bangla 


đŸŒŋ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ: āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻŽ্āϝাāύāĻ—্āϰোāĻ­ āĻŦāύ

āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻšāϞো āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž āĻŽ্āϝাāύāĻ—্āϰোāĻ­ āĻŦāύ, āϝা āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ“ āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ•ূāϞāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ। āĻāχ āĻŦāύ āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϏৌāύ্āĻĻāϰ্āϝেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āύāϝ়, āĻŦāϰং āĻāϟি āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜীāĻŦāĻŦৈāϚিāϤ্āϰ্āϝে āĻ­āϰāĻĒুāϰ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŦিāϰāϞ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖীāϰ āφāĻŦাāϏāϏ্āĻĨāϞ। āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύāχ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟি āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—āϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāώ⧟।


āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ“ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻŽোāϟ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ā§§ā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŦāϰ্āĻ— āĻ•িāϞোāĻŽিāϟাāϰ, āϝাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļে āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় ā§Ŧ,ā§Ļā§§ā§­ āĻŦāϰ্āĻ— āĻ•িāϞোāĻŽিāϟাāϰ। āĻāϟি āĻ–ুāϞāύা, āϏাāϤāĻ•্āώীāϰা āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻ—েāϰāĻšাāϟ āϜেāϞাāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āϜুāĻĄ়ে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ। āĻŦāύāϟি āĻ—āĻ™্āĻ—া, āĻŦ্āϰāĻš্āĻŽāĻĒুāϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻŽেāϘāύা āύāĻĻীāϰ āĻŽোāĻšāύাāϝ় āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤি āĻŦāĻ™্āĻ—োāĻĒāϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ।


āύাāĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻŖেāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ

‘āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ’ āύাāĻŽāϟি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে ‘āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰী āĻ—াāĻ›’ āĻĨেāĻ•ে, āϝা āĻāχ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞিāϤ āĻŦৃāĻ•্āώ। āϤāĻŦে āĻ…āύেāĻ•ে āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύ, "āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻŦāύ" āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে 'āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ' āύাāĻŽāϟি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে, āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻāχ āĻŦāύ āϏāϤ্āϝিāχ āĻ…āĻĒাāϰ āϏৌāύ্āĻĻāϰ্āϝেāϰ āφāϧাāϰ।


āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦেāĻļ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜোāϝ়াāϰ-āĻ­াāϟাāϰ āĻŦāύ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āύāĻĻী, āĻ–াāϞ, āĻ–াāĻĄ়ি, āĻŦাāϞুāϚāϰ āĻ“ āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāĻšাāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ়। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒ্āϰāϤি ⧧⧍ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ āϜোāϝ়াāϰ āĻ“ āĻ­াāϟা āĻšāϝ়, āϝা āĻŦāύāϜ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļে āĻŦৈāϚিāϤ্āϰ্āϝ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে। āĻāχ āĻŦāύ āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϞāĻŦāĻŖাāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒাāύি āĻ“ āĻŽিāĻ া āĻĒাāύিāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ, āĻĢāϞে āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āωāĻ েāĻ›ে āĻāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āχāĻ•োāϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ।


āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖিāϜāĻ—ā§Ž

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖী āĻšāϞো āϰāϝ়েāϞ āĻŦেāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āϟাāχāĻ—াāϰ। āĻāϟি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻŦাāϘেāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ“ āϰāĻšāϏ্āϝāĻŽāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤি। āĻāĻ›াāĻĄ়াāĻ“ āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āϝাāϝ়:

  • āϚিāϤ্āϰāϞ āĻšāϰিāĻŖ

  • āĻŦাāύāϰ

  • āĻ…āϜāĻ—āϰ

  • āĻ•ুāĻŽিāϰ

  • āĻ—োāϞāĻĒাāϤা āĻ•াঁāĻ•āĻĄ়া

  • āĻ•āϚ্āĻ›āĻĒ

  • āĻŦāĻ•, āĻŽাāĻ›āϰাāĻ™া, āĻŽাāĻ›āĻ–েāĻ•ো āĻĒাāĻ–ি āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় ā§Ēā§Ģā§Ļ+ āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤিāϰ āĻŦāύ্āϝāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖী, ā§Šā§Šā§Ļ+ āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤিāϰ āĻĒাāĻ–ি āĻ“ āĻ…āϏংāĻ–্āϝ āĻŽাāĻ›েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤি āĻŦāϏāĻŦাāϏ āĻ•āϰে। āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāĻŦৈāϚিāϤ্āϰ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻŦিāϰāϞ।


āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻ āϜāĻ—āϤ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύে āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤি āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে, āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰী āĻ—াāĻ›

  • āĻ—েāĻ“āϝ়া

  • āĻ—āĻĄ়াāύ

  • āĻĒāĻļুāϰ

  • āĻ—োāϞāĻĒাāϤা

  • āĻ•েāĻ“āĻĄ়া

  • āĻšিāĻ™্āĻ—ুāϞ

āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻ—াāĻ› āϞāĻŦāĻŖাāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒাāύিāϤে āϟিāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻŽāϤো āωāĻĒāϝোāĻ—ী āĻāĻŦং āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•্āώāϝ় āϰোāϧে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻ•āϰে।


āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϤে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻাāύ āϰাāĻ–ে:

  1. āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽি āĻŽāϧু āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻš: āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻŽāϧু āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰে।

  2. āĻŽā§ŽāϏ্āϝ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ: āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āύāĻĻী āĻ“ āĻ–াāϞে āĻŽাāĻ› āϧāϰাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŽাāύুāώ āϜীāĻŦিāĻ•া āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻš āĻ•āϰে।

  3. āĻ•াāĻ  āĻ“ āĻ—োāϞāĻĒাāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻš: āĻŦāύāϜ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāĻ“ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ।

  4. āĻĒāϰ্āϝāϟāύ: āĻĻেāĻļি-āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļি āĻĒāϰ্āϝāϟāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻāϟি āφāĻ•āϰ্āώāĻŖী⧟ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ।


āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻĻুāϰ্āϝোāĻ—ে āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻŦাঁāϧ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϟি āϘূāϰ্āĻŖিāĻāĻĄ় āĻ“ āϜāϞোāϚ্āĻ›্āĻŦাāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āωāĻĒāĻ•ূāϞীāϝ় āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§­ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏিāĻĄāϰ

  • ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ⧝ āϏাāϞেāϰ āφāχāϞা
    āĻāχ āϭ⧟াāĻŦāĻš āϘূāϰ্āĻŖিāĻā§œেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āωāĻĒāĻ•ূāϞী⧟ āĻāϞাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ।


āχāωāύেāϏ্āĻ•ো āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•ৃāϤি

⧧⧝⧝⧭ āϏাāϞে āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύāĻ•ে āχāωāύেāϏ্āĻ•ো āĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ্āϞ্āĻĄ āĻšেāϰিāϟেāϜ āϏাāχāϟ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•ৃāϤি āĻĻেāϝ়। āĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϝে āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϏৌāύ্āĻĻāϰ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•ৃāϤ।


āĻšুāĻŽāĻ•ি āĻ“ āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āύাāύা āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻšুāĻŽāĻ•িāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে:

  1. āĻŦāύ āύিāϧāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦৈāϧ āĻ•াāĻ  āĻ•াāϟা

  2. āĻĻূāώāĻŖ – āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύাāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āϜ্āϝ āύāĻĻীāϤে āĻĒāĻĄ়ে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻĻূāώিāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে

  3. āϜāϞāĻŦাāϝ়ু āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ – āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰāĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āωāϚ্āϚāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻŦāύাāĻž্āϚāϞ āĻšাāϰিāϝ়ে āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে

  4. āĻŦāύ্āϝāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖী āĻļিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ“ āĻĒাāϚাāϰ

āĻāĻ›া⧜া, āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āφāĻļেāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ŸāϞাāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝুā§ŽāĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻŽাāϰাāϤ্āĻŽāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻšুāĻŽāĻ•িāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒ⧜āĻ›ে।


āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āϰāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āύি⧟েāĻ›ে, āϝেāĻŽāύ:

  • āĻĢāϰেāϏ্āϟ āĻ—াāϰ্āĻĄ āύিāϝ়োāĻ—

  • āĻŦāύেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰে āϏীāĻŽিāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ

  • āϰাāĻŽāϏাāϰ āϏাāχāϟ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤি

  • āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ āĻĒাāϞāύ (ā§§ā§Ē āĻĢেāĻŦ্āϰুāϝ়াāϰি)

  • āϜāύāϏāϚেāϤāύāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি

āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻāύāϜিāĻ“ āĻāĻŦং āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻĨা āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে।


āĻĒāϰ্āϝāϟāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύে āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϜāύāĻĒ্āϰিāϝ় āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏ্āĻĨাāύ:

  • āĻ•āϟāĻ•া

  • āĻ•āϚিāĻ–াāϞী

  • āĻšাāϰāĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϝ়া

  • āĻĻুāĻŦāϞাāϰ āϚāϰ (āϰাāĻļāĻŽেāϞা āĻ…āύুāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়)

  • āĻšিāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāϝ়েāύ্āϟ

āĻĒāϰ্āϝāϟāĻ•েāϰা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āύāĻĻীāĻĒāĻĨে āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āϏৌāύ্āĻĻāϰ্āϝ āωāĻĒāĻ­োāĻ— āĻ•āϰেāύ।


āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ

āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāύ āύāϝ়, āĻāϟি āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ, āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ…ংāĻļ। āĻāχ āĻŦāύ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি, āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖāĻŦৈāϚিāϤ্āϰ্āϝেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āϤাāχ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ•āϞেāϰ āĻĻাāϝ়িāϤ্āĻŦ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύāĻ•ে āĻ­াāϞোāĻŦাāϏা, āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰা āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύ্āĻŽেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϟিāĻ•ি⧟ে āϰাāĻ–া।

āφāĻŽāϰা āϝāĻĻি āϏāĻŦাāχ āϏāϚেāϤāύ āĻšāχ āĻāĻŦং āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻĻাāϝ়িāϤ্āĻŦāĻļীāϞ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰি, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāχ āĻ…āύāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϧāύ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻ• āφāĻļীāϰ্āĻŦাāĻĻ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে।

 

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